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The Yeomen Warders provided the permanent garrison of the Tower, but the Constable of the Tower could call upon the men of the Tower Hamlets to supplement them when necessary.
The Tower Hamlets, aka Tower Division was an area, significantly larger than the modern London Borough of the same name , which owed military service to the Constable in his ex officio role as Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets.
The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia, including jewels, plate, and symbols of royalty such as the crown, sceptre, and sword.
When money needed to be raised, the treasure could be pawned by the monarch. The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy, and consequently was closely guarded.
A new position for "keeper of the jewels, armouries and other things" was created, [] which was well rewarded; in the reign of Edward III — the holder was paid 12d a day.
The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels, gold, and silver, and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers.
In , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties, as decreed by Cromwell.
Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re-used, and the crowns were "totallie broken and defaced". When the monarchy was restored in , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th-century spoon and three ceremonial swords.
Some pieces that had been sold were later returned to the Crown. For the coronation of Charles II, gems were rented because the treasury could not afford to replace them.
This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them. Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown, Sceptre and Orb, they were foiled when the keeper's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm.
Some of the pieces are used regularly by the Queen. The display includes 23, gemstones, the year-old Coronation Spoon, St. There is evidence that King John — first started keeping wild animals at the Tower.
A wooden structure was built to house the elephant, In , Edward I added a lion and a lynx and appointed the first official Keeper of the animals.
Under subsequent kings, the number of animals grew to include additional cats of various types, jackals, hyenas, and an old brown bear, Max, gifted to Henry VIII by Emperor Maximilian.
Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in ; this area was later named the Lion Tower, to the immediate west of the Middle Tower.
Records from indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards, also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower.
By the s that area was called the Menagerie. An overhead platform was added for viewing of the lions by the royals, during lion baiting, for example in the time of James I.
Reports from include mention of six lions, increasing to 11 by , in addition to other types of cats, eagles, owls and a jackal. By the 18th century, the menagerie was open to the public; admission cost three half-pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions.
By the end of the century, that had increased to 9 pence. Additional animals were then introduced. After the death of George IV in , a decision was made to close down the Menagerie on the orders of the Duke of Wellington.
The Menagerie buildings were removed in but the Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life.
Consequently, even though the animals had long since left the building, the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps, the last keeper, in In , physical evidence of lion cages was found, one being 2x3 metres 6.
Radiocarbon tests dated them from — and — Anne Boleyn was beheaded in for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, where she is buried, and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm.
He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife, leading her to exclaim: "Oh, Christ! It has seized me! From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. For other uses, see Tower of London disambiguation.
Listed Building — Grade I. Listed Building — Grade II. Main article: White Tower Tower of London. See also: Church of St Peter ad Vincula.
See also: Tower division. London portal Law portal. Retrieved 23 October Historic Royal Palaces. Retrieved 22 July National Heritage List for England.
Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 8 February The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November Winchester: Hampshire County Council. Retrieved 11 August Hospitality and Catering News.
Retrieved 1 October Retrieved 16 April Archived from the original on 15 August Retrieved 23 August A Brief History of Britain - Little, Brown Book Group.
The Book Of Lists London. Canongate Books. The Rough Guide to London. Retrieved 21 July The Independent. Royal Armouries.
Archived from the original on 4 December Amberley Publishing Limited. A Year in the Life of Medieval England. Martin's Press.
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The castle was also used as a prison from Ranulf Flambard until Kray twins , [3] although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence.
As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history. It was besieged several times, and controlling it has been important to controlling the country.
The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public record office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England.
From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch.
In the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period.
In the late 15th century, the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defensive systems lagged behind developments to deal with artillery.
The peak period of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton , were held within its walls.
This use has led to the phrase " sent to the Tower ". Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century.
Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with occurring there over a year period.
In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty.
Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures.
In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage.
After the Second World War, damage caused during the Blitz was repaired, and the castle reopened to the public. Today, the Tower of London is one of the country's most popular tourist attractions.
The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London, which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate.
The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle. Encircling it to the north, east, and west is the inner ward, built during the reign of Richard I — Finally, there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I.
Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London, the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres 4.
The White Tower is a keep also known as a donjon , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle, and contained lodgings suitable for the lord — in this case, the king or his representative.
The structure was originally three storeys high, comprising a basement floor, an entrance level, and an upper floor. The entrance, as is usual in Norman keeps, was above ground, in this case on the south face, and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack.
It was probably during Henry II 's reign — that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived.
Each floor was divided into three chambers, the largest in the west, a smaller room in the north-east, and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south-east.
At the south-east corner there is a larger semi-circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel.
As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold, latrines were built into the walls, and four fireplaces provided warmth.
The main building material is Kentish rag-stone , although some local mudstone was also used. Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower's facing, although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries.
As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original — albeit restored — examples remain, in the south wall at the gallery level.
The tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level. One of the rooms contained a well.
Although the layout has remained the same since the tower's construction, the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts.
The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials.
The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century, and not reopened until Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east, also connected to the entrance floor.
The crypt of St John's Chapel occupied the south-east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber. There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt; according to Geoffrey Parnell, Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries, "the windowless form and restricted access, suggest that it was designed as a strong-room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents".
The top floor was added in the 15th century, along with the present roof. In the 13th century, during Henry III's reign, the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold-painted cross, and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity.
The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower, stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames.
As was the case at other castles, such as the 11th-century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower's foundation.
Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain, although it had happened by the s.
The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III's reign: the queen's chamber was whitewashed, and painted with flowers and imitation stonework.
A great hall existed in the south of the ward, between the two towers. The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch, which had been filled in by the s.
Around this time, a kitchen was built in the ward. The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart's reign, when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward, effectively doubling the castle's size.
The inner ward's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I. As its name suggests, Bell Tower housed a belfry, its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack.
The royal bow-maker, responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons, had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower.
A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night. As a result of Henry's expansion, St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower, was incorporated into the castle.
Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows, and stalls for himself and his queen. It was a simple structure, protected by a portcullis and gate.
The Waterloo Block, a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details, [43] was built on the site and remains to this day, housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor.
A third ward was created during Edward I's extension to the Tower, as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle. At the same time a bastion known as Legge's Mount was built at the castle's northwest corner.
Brass Mount, the bastion in the northeast corner, was a later addition. Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period, there is no evidence to support this; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I.
The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , [48] which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the s.
Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames.
In this wall, he built St Thomas's Tower between and ; later known as Traitors' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle's water-gate.
The building is unique in England, and the closest parallel is the now demolished water-gate at the Louvre in Paris. The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered.
There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor. Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions.
He founded several castles along the way, but took a circuitous route toward London; [53] [54] only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England's largest city.
As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England.
William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance, to celebrate his victory and found a castle; in the words of William's biographer, William of Poitiers , "certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace.
For he [William] realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners". Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber, but by the end of the 11th century a few, including the Tower of London, had been renovated or replaced with stone.
William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction, although it may not have been completed until after William's death in It also contained grand accommodation for the king.
Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine.
He was held in luxury and permitted servants, but on 2 February he hosted a banquet for his captors. After plying them with drink, when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower.
The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London; it was probably built from stone as a replacement for the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the Roman wall and the Thames.
Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans, who also brought over hundreds of Jews, for financial reasons. The death in of Henry I left England with a disputed succession; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne.
The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville.
As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. Mandeville exploited this, selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in at the Battle of Lincoln.
Once her support waned, the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen. Through his role as Constable of the Tower, Mandeville became "the richest and most powerful man in England".
Until then the position had been hereditary, originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville a friend of William the Conqueror's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with , but the position's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch.
The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to other duties.
Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower.
Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes, enforcing the law and maintaining order.
The creation in of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable's civic powers, and at times led to friction between the two.
The castle probably retained its form as established by until the reign of Richard I — As Longchamp's main fortress, he made the Tower as strong as possible.
The new fortifications were first tested in October , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history.
Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days, deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege.
John succeeded Richard as king in , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him.
Although under-garrisoned, the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta. Even after the Magna Carta was signed, Fitzwalter maintained his control of London.
During the war, the Tower's garrison joined forces with the barons. John was deposed in and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king.
War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry, with Fitzwalter supporting Louis. Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower, both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III's supporters would prevail.
As a result, he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live.
Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward. Beginning around , the castle was expanded to the east, north, and north-west.
New creations included a new defensive perimeter, studded with towers, while on the west, north, and east sides, where the wall was not defended by the river, a defensive ditch was dug.
The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement, marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle's defences.
So when the gatehouse collapsed in , the locals celebrated the setback. Henry III often held court at the Tower of London, and held parliament there on at least two occasions and when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly.
In , the discontented barons, led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments. Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions.
Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath. With the backing of mercenaries, Henry installed himself in the Tower in While negotiations continued with the barons, the King ensconced himself in the castle, although no army moved to take it.
A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again. Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London.
Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower.
Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April and laid siege to the castle, declaring that custody of the Tower was "not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner, much less of an ecclesiastic".
The Earl retreated, allowing the King control of the capital, and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry's reign. A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall.
A new entrance was created, with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican. The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state's arms.
They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat. He fled to France where he encountered Edward's Queen.
They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King. One of Mortimer's first acts on entering England in was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there.
For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself; in , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him into the Tower.
During this period, the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war. The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons, for instance Windsor.
Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated. This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader, a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House.
However, he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill. During this period, the castle also held many distinguished prisoners. The heir to the Scottish throne, later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in and held in the Tower.
As a result of Henry's victories, such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high-status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed.
Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne, the houses of Lancaster and York.
With the help of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick nicknamed "the Kingmaker" Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in Shortly after the death of Edward IV in , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place.
The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London. The princes were last seen in public in June ; [] it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London's use as a royal residence.
As 16th-century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as "an armouries and house of munition, and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in".
Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable. In the 16th century, the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim, forbidding prison.
This had not always been the case. As a royal castle, it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons, however these were usually high-status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people.
Contrary to the popular image of the Tower, prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower.
The Tower's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century romanticists. The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger's daughter , and manacles.
Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn. High-status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family, including his son who was born there in The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century, taking over the Privy Wardrobe's duties of looking after the monarch's arsenal and valuables.
The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least , and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward.
In the Board was abolished; its successor the Military Store Department of the War Office was also based there until , after which its headquarters staff were relocated to the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich where the recently closed Woolwich Dockyard was converted into a vast ordnance store.
Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents, including money and munitions.
London's Trained Bands , a militia force, were moved into the castle in Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built, readying the Tower for war.
Top Tours and Attractions. An open-top hop on hop off bus is an easy and convenient way to see the city and take in all the iconic London sights.
Our amazing day tours from London make it easy to explore historic sites such as Stonehenge, Bath, Windsor and Oxford. There is nothing more British than afternoon tea.
Combining this with a tour of London is the perfect day out. Plan your visit to the Warner Bros. Take a guided tour and enjoy the wonderful sights and attractions of one of the most vibrant and historic cities in the world.
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Hop-on Hop-off London Bus Tour 1 day plus 1 calendar day free. Simply Stonehenge Tour - Morning. Christmas Lights London by Night Tour.
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