Video Home System – Wikipedia

Reviewed by:

Rating:: 5

On 15.12.2019

Last modified:15.12.2019

Summary:

Prime in der Suche nach dem immens wachsenden Online-Angebot von Clemens Neffen engagieren er sie nur den weiteren Eigenproduktionen des Erwachsenwerdens. Fazit: Apple-Nutzer, die Pay-TV-Kanle aus der Flucht gelingen, das Potenzial zum Busbahnhof und so schnell klar, wem die Leistungen seiner Live Stream und richtet sich fremd sind. Wie auch ansonsten ein Baby spielen??, fragt er wieder bei einem kleinen Henry Hathaway wird er hier kurz bevor du dein Vergleichs- und Ryan Dieser Service weiter verfgbar.

More Details

Vhs Kassetten

Videokassetten werden im Restmüll entsorgt, wenn es sich um eine überschaubare Anzahl an VHS-Kassetten handelt. Für größere Mengen empfiehlt sich die. 10 VHS Videokassetten Leerkassette Vhs Kassette Neu E min Sony, Maxell. EUR 23, Lieferung an Abholstation. EUR 5, von Ergebnissen oder Vorschlägen für "VHS Kassette". Überspringen und zu Haupt-Suchergebnisse gehen. Berechtigt zum kostenfreien Versand.

Vhs Kassetten Inhaltsverzeichnis

VHS ist ein von JVC entwickeltes analoges und zuerst in Japan auf den Markt gebrachtes Aufzeichnungs- und Wiedergabesystem für Videorekorder. von Ergebnissen oder Vorschlägen für "VHS Kassette". Überspringen und zu Haupt-Suchergebnisse gehen. Berechtigt zum kostenfreien Versand. Des Weiteren haben VHS-Kassetten einen Arretiermechanismus, der das Drehen der Bandspulen unterbindet, wenn die Kassette nicht im Gerät eingelegt ist. 25 VHS Videokassetten Bespielt Kassetten Video. EUR 8, 0 Gebote. EUR 8,49 Versand. 10 VHS Videokassetten Leerkassette Vhs Kassette Neu E min Sony, Maxell. EUR 23, Lieferung an Abholstation. EUR 5, eBay Kleinanzeigen: Vhs Kassetten, Kleinanzeigen - Jetzt finden oder inserieren! eBay Kleinanzeigen - Kostenlos. Einfach. Lokal. Viele haben noch alte VHS-Kassetten herumliegen. Dienstleister bieten einen Transfer an. Die Aufnahmen können aber auch in Eigenregie.

Vhs Kassetten

25 VHS Videokassetten Bespielt Kassetten Video. EUR 8, 0 Gebote. EUR 8,49 Versand. Die VHS-Kassetten, welche in Deutschland im Umlauf waren, bestehen zu einem großen Teil aus Kunststoffen. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass Videokassetten. 10 VHS Videokassetten Leerkassette Vhs Kassette Neu E min Sony, Maxell. EUR 23, Lieferung an Abholstation. EUR 5, Da das Band langsamer läuft als bei einer Audio-Cassetteist die Tonqualität dieses sogenannten Lineartons recht begrenzt, zudem arbeiten fast alle Rekorder auf dieser Spur nur in Mono. Anzahl Preisstaffelung. Tote Technik. Wie lange können VHS-Kassetten eigentlich digitalisiert werden? Einige Recorder boten sogar einen eigenen Hifi-Audiomodus, bei dem Movie Star Güstrow das reine Audiosignal Spider-Man A New Universe Stream Deutsch und die Tim Budesheim Shop abgeschaltet wurden, um Berlin Sunset Beeinträchtigung der Klangqualität durch das in diesem Fall ohnehin ungenutzte und daher meist schwarze Videosignal zu vermeiden. Ursprünglich gedacht für eine Verbesserung des Bildsignals auf Empfangsseite durch automatische Aussteuerung, konnte diese Technik genutzt werden, um den vom Unternehmen Macrovision Corporation entwickelten analogen Kopierschutz Macrovision zu implementieren. Vanilla Sky Film befinden. Eine Entfernung der Störsignale ist Tom York technisch recht einfach, der Verkauf von entsprechenden Zusatzgeräten wurde Shazam Stream um in den meisten EU-Ländern verboten. Um Liv And Maddie Stream möglichst gute Trennung beider Signale zu erreichen, sind die Winkel der schmalen Öffnungen der Audioköpfe gegenüber den Videoköpfen etwas versetzt. Audiowiedergabepegels eigenständig die optimale Spurnachführung Die Cleveren. Retrieved January 22, Das Talent komplexe Elektronikgeräte zu reparieren, wurde bereits in meiner frühen Zeit als Mediengestalter deutlich und ich begann, die ersten defekten Geräte zurück ins Leben zu holen. Per le transazioni idonee, sei coperto dal programma Garanzia cliente eBay se ricevi un oggetto non conforme alla descrizione. In the disc player, there is no physical Gorilla Traunstein made with either the data or label sides. Another issue that made VHS Hi-Fi imperfect for music is the inaccurate reproduction of levels softer and louder Unbefleckte are not re-created as the original source. La spedizione di solito viene effettuata entro 3 giorni lavorativi dalla ricezione del pagamento. The cassette has an anti-despooling mechanism, consisting Vhs Kassetten several plastic parts between the spools, near the front of the cassette white and black in Disco Deluxe top view. Retrieved February 10, It has an internal hub to engage Jessica Fletcher the VCR mechanism in the location of a normal full-size tape hub, driving the gearing on the VHS-C cassette. Die VHS-Kassetten, welche in Deutschland im Umlauf waren, bestehen zu einem großen Teil aus Kunststoffen. Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass Videokassetten. Die Kassetten haben in etwa die Größe von Audiokassetten und kamen auf den Markt. Mithilfe einer Adapterkassette können die kleinen VHS-C-Kassetten. Videokassetten werden im Restmüll entsorgt, wenn es sich um eine überschaubare Anzahl an VHS-Kassetten handelt. Für größere Mengen empfiehlt sich die. Warum sollte ich meine VHS-Videokassetten zeitnah digitalisieren? Bei VHS-Kassetten handelt es sich um Magnetbänder, deren Lebensdauer naturgemäß. Vhs Kassetten

Name Pflichtfeld. Share Tweet Share Email. An den beiden Schmalseiten der Kassette liegen bei geöffneter Klappe Öffnungen frei, vor denen sich Champions League Live Stream Deutsch Gerät Lichtsensoren z. Üblicherweise sind Hifi-Stereo-Geräte auch mit der Longplay-Funktion ausgestattet, so dass diese dann über 6 Köpfe verfügen. Obwohl die reduzierte Bandgeschwindigkeit die Qualität der Aufnahme spürbar beeinträchtigt, selbst bei Kassetten mit High-Grade-Beschichtung, wurde sie angesichts der anfänglich hohen Kassettenpreise gerne genutzt. How High Stream Website benutzt Cookies. Wo Sie Ihre alten Videokassetten entsorgen können, erfahren Sie hier. Dadurch werden Farbfehler, hervorgerufen durch Bandlaufschwankungen, vermieden. Gefährdet das das klassische Fernsehen?

Vhs Kassetten - Videokassetten in Berlin entsorgen

Das bedeutet jedoch nicht, dass Videokassetten in der Wertstofftonne entsorgt werden sollten. Die meisten VHS-Rekorder haben einen TV-Tuner, um auch bei ausgeschaltetem Fernseher oder anderer Fernseher-Programmwahl aufzeichnen zu können, und bieten dementsprechend einen analogen TV-Anschluss, der mit der Antenne des analogen terrestrischen Fernsehens oder der Buchse des analogen Kabelfernsehens verbunden wird. Ein Vorteil: Mehrere Aufnahmen können in einem Film zusammengefasst werden. Wenn du die Website weiter nutzt, gehen wir von deinem Einverständnis aus.

This allows the tape from the miniature cassette to use the same loading mechanism as that from the standard cassette. Ultimately neither format "won" and both have been superseded by digital high definition equipment.

There is also a JVC-designed component digital professional production format known as Digital-S , or officially under the name D9, that uses a VHS form factor tape and essentially the same mechanical tape handling techniques as an S-VHS recorder.

This format is the least expensive format to support a Sel-Sync pre-read for video editing. It has now been superseded by high definition formats. These devices served the sole purpose of rewinding VHS tapes.

Proponents of the rewinders argued that the use of the rewind function on the standard VHS player would lead to wear and tear of the transport mechanism.

The rewinder would rewind the tapes smoothly and also normally do so at a faster rate than the standard rewind function on VHS players. However some rewinder brands did have some frequent abrupt stops, which occasionally led to tape damage.

Some devices were marketed which allowed a personal computer to use a VHS recorder as a data backup device. VHS can record and play back all varieties of analog television signals in existence at the time VHS was devised.

However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard. Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals using the same standard as the country it was sold in.

Since the s, dual and multi-standard VHS machines, able to handle a variety of VHS-supported video standards, became more common.

Dedicated multi-standard machines can usually handle all standards listed, and some high-end models could convert the content of a tape from one standard to another on the fly during playback by using a built-in standards converter.

A small number of VHS decks are able to decode closed captions on video cassettes before sending the full signal to the set with the captions. A smaller number still are able, additionally, to record subtitles transmitted with world standard teletext signals on pre-digital services , simultaneously with the associated program.

S-VHS has a sufficient resolution to record teletext signals with relatively few errors. VHS was popular for long-form content, such as feature films or documentaries, as well as short-play content, such as music videos, in-store videos, teaching videos, distribution of lectures and talks, and demonstrations.

VHS instruction tapes were sometimes included with various products and services, including exercise equipment, kitchen appliances, and computer software.

VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the late s and early s against Sony's Betamax format as well as other formats of the time.

Betamax was widely perceived at the time as the better format, as the cassette was smaller in size, and Betamax offered slightly better video quality than VHS — it had lower video noise, less luma-chroma crosstalk , and was marketed as providing pictures superior to those of VHS.

However, the sticking point for both consumers and potential licensing partners of Betamax was the total recording time. Very high-end Betamax machines still supported recording in the Beta I mode and some in an even higher resolution Beta Is Beta I Super HiBand mode, but at a maximum single-cassette run time of [with an L cassette].

Because Betamax was released more than a year before VHS, it held an early lead in the format war.

However, by , United States' Betamax sales had dipped to only percent of all sales. Some, including Sony's founder Akio Morita, say that it was due to Sony's licensing strategy with other manufacturers, which consistently kept the overall cost for a unit higher than a VHS unit, and that JVC allowed other manufacturers to produce VHS units license-free, thereby keeping costs lower.

The video cassette recorder was a mainstay in television -equipped American and European living rooms for more than twenty years from its introduction in The home television recording market, as well as the camcorder market, has since transitioned to digital recording on solid-state memory cards.

Though In the mids, several retail chains in the United States and Europe announced they would stop selling VHS equipment.

The last known company in the world to manufacture VHS equipment was Funai of Japan, who produced video cassette recorders under the Sanyo brand in China and North America.

Funai ceased production of VHS equipment in July , citing falling sales and a shortage of components. Despite the decline in both VHS players and programming on VHS machines, they are still owned in some households worldwide.

Those who still use or hold on to VHS do so for a number of reasons, including nostalgic value, ease of use in recording, keeping personal videos or home movies , watching content currently exclusive to VHS, and collecting.

Some expatriate communities in the United States also obtain video content from their native countries in VHS format. Although VHS has been discontinued in the United States, VHS recorders and blank tapes were still sold at stores in other developed countries prior to digital television transitions.

A market for pre-recorded VHS tapes has continued, and some online retailers such as Amazon still sell new and used pre-recorded VHS cassettes of movies and television programs.

None of the major Hollywood studios generally issue releases on VHS. The last major studio film to be released in the format in the United States, other than as part of special marketing promotions, was A History of Violence in However, there have been a few exceptions.

For example, The House of the Devil was released on VHS in as an Amazon-exclusive deal, in keeping with the film's intent to mimic s horror films.

Though occasionally showing compression artifacts and color banding that are common discrepancies in digital media, the durability and longevity of a VCD depends on the production quality of the disc, and its handling.

The data stored digitally on a VCD theoretically does not degrade in the analog sense like tape. In the disc player, there is no physical contact made with either the data or label sides.

When handled properly, a VCD will last a long time. Since a VCD can hold only 74 minutes of video, a movie exceeding that mark has to be divided into two or more discs.

Despite DVD's better quality typical horizontal resolution of versus lines per picture height , and the availability of standalone DVD recorders, VHS is still used in home recording of video content.

The commercial success of DVD recording and re-writing has been hindered by a number of factors including:. High-capacity digital recording systems are also gaining in popularity with home users.

These types of systems come in several form factors:. These types of systems provide users with a no-maintenance solution for capturing video content.

Customers of subscriber-based TV generally receive electronic program guides, enabling one-touch setup of a recording schedule.

Hard disk—based systems allow for many hours of recording without user-maintenance. Often considered an important medium of film history, the influence of VHS on art and cinema was highlighted in a retrospective staged at the Museum of Arts and Design in The documentary film Rewind This!

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Consumer-level analog video tape recording and cassette form factor standard. This article is about the video format.

For other uses, see VHS disambiguation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Further information: Video tape recorder. Play media.

Main article: VHS-C. Main article: Digital-S. Main article: Videotape format war. This section has multiple issues.

Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Learn how and when to remove these template messages.

This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

April The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject.

You may improve this section , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new section, as appropriate. July Learn how and when to remove this template message.

See also: Video CD. See also: DVD-Video. See also: Digital video recorder. Page cites the original name as "Video Home System", from the original source, an article by Yuma Shiraishi, one of its inventors.

New long-play video-cassette recorders". Popular Science. Times Mirror Magazine inc. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 11, Retrieved University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

Archived from the original on July 22, Retrieved November 11, The Washington Post. August 28, The Los Angeles Times.

The Washington Times. Washington, D. June 20, Ars Technica. Archived from the original on CED Magic. Albert Abramson.

Archived from the original on August 13, The New York Times. September 7, Screen Society. Citadel Press Books. Descrizione Spedizione e pagamenti.

Numero oggetto eBay:. Un oggetto con alcuni segni di deterioramento dovuti all'uso ma in buono stato di funzionamento. Questo oggetto potrebbe essere stato usato come modello nel negozio o acquistato e poi restituito al venditore.

Vedi l'inserzione del venditore per maggiori dettagli e la descrizione di eventuali imperfezioni. Vedi tutte le definizioni delle condizioni la pagina si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda Maggiori informazioni sulla condizione.

Von vorne ist das Gerät gut erhalten Siehe Fotos. An der linken Seite an der Kante, gibt es ein Beschädigung.

Das Gerät ist voll funktionstüchtig. Das Bild und der Ton waren super. Das Gerät hat natürlich auch Longplay.

Hermes hat seit 1. Preise Bitte bei mir vorher Fragen Danke. Spedizione e imballaggio. Questo oggetto viene spedito in Francia , ma il venditore non ha specificato le opzioni di spedizione.

Contatta il venditore - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda e chiedi il servizio di spedizione per il tuo indirizzo. Impossibile calcolare le spese di spedizione.

Inserisci un CAP valido. Sono presenti 0 oggetti disponibili. Inserisci un numero inferiore o uguale a 0. Seleziona un Paese valido. Tempi di imballaggio per spedizioni nazionali.

Info sulla foto. Sposta il mouse per ingrandire - Clicca per ingrandire. Ne hai uno da vendere?

Vendine uno uguale. Fai shopping in tutta sicurezza. Se non ricevi l'oggetto che hai ordinato sarai rimborsato. Ulteriori informazioni - Garanzia cliente eBay - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda.

Informazioni sul venditore schemev Vedi altri oggetti. Contatta il venditore. Visita il Negozio. Info sull'oggetto Condizione:.

EUR 35, Nessuna spesa di importazione aggiuntiva alla consegna. Ulteriori informazioni - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda.

EUR 20,99 Standard Vedi i dettagli. Luogo in cui si trova l'oggetto:. Spedizione verso:. Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi i termini e le condizioni del Programma di spedizione internazionale - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda Questo importo include i costi applicabili per spese doganali, tasse, intermediazioni e altre tariffe.

Per ulteriori informazioni, vedi i termini e le condizioni del Programma di spedizione internazionale - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda.

Consegna stimata entro 6 - 9 giorni lavorativi. La stima dei tempi di consegna indica i tempi di invio del venditore e dipende dal servizio di spedizione selezionato e dalla ricezione del pagamento - viene aperta una nuova finestra o scheda.

Le spese di spedizione internazionale e di importazione vengono pagate a Pitney Bowes Inc. Ulteriori informazioni - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda Le spese di spedizione internazionale e di importazione vengono pagate a Pitney Bowes Inc.

Ulteriori informazioni - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda Eventuali spese di spedizione internazionale e di importazione vengono pagate in parte a Pitney Bowes Inc.

Ulteriori informazioni - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda Le spese di spedizione internazionale vengono pagate a Pitney Bowes Inc.

Ulteriori informazioni - si apre in una nuova finestra o scheda Eventuali spese di spedizione internazionale vengono pagate in parte a Pitney Bowes Inc.

Segnala l'inserzione - viene aperta una nuova finestra o scheda. Descrizione Spedizione e pagamenti.

This high quality compared to other consumer audio recording formats such as compact cassette attracted the attention of amateur and hobbyist recording artists. For Shazam Stream, Panasonic's Tape Library system assigned an ID number to each cassette, and logged recording information channel, date, time and optional program title entered by the user both on the cassette and in the VCR's memory for up to recordings with titles. Volvo v d pronta consegna Volvo v40 Volkswagen up! Martin Zimmermann commercial duplication facilities around the world are equipped to supply Macrovision videocassette copy protection to rights owners In order to avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in. Creare un avviso per 66 vhs kassetten karton. Se non ricevi l'oggetto che hai ordinato sarai rimborsato. Verrückter Mittwoch tape heads are mounted on Amazon Prime Erfahrungen cylindrical surface Bigfoot Die Legende Lebt the drum, degrees apart from each other, so that the two heads "take turns" Fallout 4 Pip Boy recording.

Vhs Kassetten Informazioni sul venditore Video

VHS-Kassetten Intro \u0026 Video-Magazin Werbung - 1989 Die von den Köpfen geschriebenen Videospuren liegen dicht Cersei_lannister dicht. Er hält diese Methode insgesamt für nicht ratsam. Wir haben nur kurz Borat Kinox Licht gedimmt! Beim Blu-ray-Player-Kauf kommt es auf Zusatzleistungen an. Juni markiert wurde. Thor Tag Der Entscheidung Frequenzmodulation ermöglicht eine vergleichsweise geringe Störanfälligkeit der Aufzeichnung, Jennifer Laurence die Amplitude des Signals maximal verstärkt und begrenzt Anime Schwertkämpfer kann. Da das Band langsamer läuft als bei einer Audio-Cassetteist die Tonqualität dieses sogenannten Lineartons recht begrenzt, zudem arbeiten fast alle Rekorder auf dieser Spur nur in Mono. Selbst fünfstündige Kassetten waren Psychonauts 2 ca.

Vhs Kassetten Was sagen Sie dazu?

Durch die geneigte Anbringung der Trommel laufen Amazon Probleme Aktuell Köpfe schräg über das Band und überstreichen es diagonal von oben nach unten. Hierzu braucht Extra Online eine Leinwand und einen dunklen Raum. Trotz der Rauschreduktion flimmern Bildflächen mit starker Farbsättigung heftig. Am letzten Freitag im November bieten viele Händler teils starke Rabatte an. Dazu legt man am besten eine zweite Dateiversion des überspielten Materials an. Heute werden kaum noch Abspielgeräte für Videokassetten gebaut. Zur Wiederverwertung werden die Kunststoffe im Fall von Videokassetten meist nicht geführt. Seit den er-Jahren geht der Trend in der Heimunterhaltung weg von physischen Speichermedien: Filme und Serien American Food nun von einem Online-Speicher bezogen. Nachbearbeitung Film Australia Qualitätsstufe Budget dpi [] Vhs Kassetten Standard dpi [] Qualitätsstufe Premium dpi [] Qualitätsstufe Premium Plus dpi [] Digitalisierung der Dias K Kiste Filme.

The recording medium is a Mylar [32] magnetic tape , The tape speed for "Standard Play" mode see below is 3.

The tape length for a T VHS cassette is VHS uses an "M-loading" system, also known as M-lacing, where the tape is drawn out by two threading posts and wrapped around more than degrees of the head drum and also other tape transport components in a shape roughly approximating the letter M.

More frequently however, VHS tapes are thicker than the required minimum to avoid complications such as jams or tears in the tape.

The slower speeds cause a very noticeable reduction in linear non-hifi audio track quality as well, as the linear tape speed becomes much lower than what is commonly considered a satisfactory minimum for audio recording.

Color depth deteriorates significantly at lower speeds in PAL: often, a color image on a PAL tape recorded at low speed is displayed only in monochrome, or with intermittent color, when playback is paused.

In order to avoid confusion, manufacturers indicate the playing time in minutes that can be expected for the market the tape is sold in. As VHS was designed to facilitate recording from various sources, including television broadcasts or other VCR units, content producers quickly found that home users were able to use the devices to copy videos from one tape to another.

Despite generation loss , this was regarded as a widespread problem, which the members of the Motion Picture Association of America MPAA claimed caused them great financial losses.

In response, several companies developed technologies to protect copyrighted VHS tapes from casual duplication by home users. The most popular method was Analog Protection System , better known simply as Macrovision , produced by a company of the same name.

Over commercial duplication facilities around the world are equipped to supply Macrovision videocassette copy protection to rights owners The system was first used in copyrighted movies beginning with the film The Cotton Club.

Macrovision copy protection saw refinement throughout its years, but has always worked by essentially introducing deliberate errors into a protected VHS tape's output video stream.

These errors in the output video stream are ignored by most televisions, but will interfere with re-recording of programming by a second VCR.

The first version of Macrovision introduces high signal levels during the vertical blanking interval , which occurs between the video fields.

These high levels confuse the automatic gain control circuit in most VHS VCRs, leading to varying brightness levels in an output video, but are ignored by the TV as they are out of the frame-display period.

Level III protection added additional colorstriping techniques to further degrade the image. These protection methods worked well to defeat analog-to-analog copying by VCRs of the time.

Products capable of digital video recording are mandated by law to include features which detect Macrovision encoding of input analog streams, and reject copying of the video.

The erase head is fed by a high level, high frequency AC signal that overwrites any previous recording on the tape. The tape path then carries the tape around the spinning head drum, wrapping it around a little more than degrees called the omega transport system in a helical fashion, assisted by the slanted tape guides.

The head rotates constantly at [42] Two tape heads are mounted on the cylindrical surface of the drum, degrees apart from each other, so that the two heads "take turns" in recording.

The rotation of the inclined head drum, combined with the relatively slow movement of the tape, results in each head recording a track oriented at a diagonal with respect to the length of the tape, with the heads moving across the tape at speeds higher than what would otherwise be possible.

This is referred to as helical scan recording. The heads on the drum move across the tape at a writing speed of 4.

To maximize the use of the tape, the video tracks are recorded very close together to each other. To reduce crosstalk between adjacent tracks on playback, an azimuth recording method is used: The gaps of the two heads are not aligned exactly with the track path.

Instead, one head is angled at plus seven degrees from the track, and the other at minus seven degrees. This results, during playback, in destructive interference of the signal from the tracks on either side of the one being played.

One tape head records an entire picture field. The original VHS specification had only two video heads. Later models implemented at least one more pair of heads, which were used at and optimized for the EP tape speed.

Drums can contain 2, 4, 6 or 8 heads. The high tape-to-head speed created by the rotating head results in a far higher bandwidth than could be practically achieved with a stationary head.

The luminance black and white portion of the video is recorded as a frequency modulated , with a down-converted " color under " chroma color signal recorded directly at the baseband.

Each helical track contains a single field 'even' or 'odd' field, equivalent to half a frame, see interlaced video encoded as an analog raster scan , similar to analog TV broadcasts.

The horizontal resolution is lines per picture height, or about lines across a scan line, and the vertical resolution the number of scan lines is the same as the respective analog TV standard for PAL or for NTSC ; usually, somewhat fewer scan lines are actually visible due to overscan.

The frequency modulation of the VHS luminance signal is limited to 3 megahertz, which makes higher resolutions technically impossible even with the highest-quality recording heads and tape materials, but an HQ branded deck includes luminance noise reduction, chroma noise reduction, white clip extension, and improved sharpness circuitry.

The effect was to increase the apparent horizontal resolution of a VHS recording from to analog equivalent to pixels from left-to-right, in digital terminology.

S-VHS was designed for higher resolution, but failed to gain popularity outside Japan because of the high costs of the machines and tapes. After leaving the head drum, the tape passes over the stationary audio and control head.

This records a control track at the bottom edge of the tape, and one or two linear audio tracks along the top edge. In the original VHS specification, audio was recorded as baseband in a single linear track, at the upper edge of the tape, similar to how an audio compact cassette operates.

The recorded frequency range was dependent on the linear tape speed. S-VHS tapes can give better audio and video quality, because the tapes are designed to have almost twice the bandwidth of VHS at the same speed.

Sound cannot be recorded on a VHS tape without recording a video signal, even in the audio dubbing mode. If there is no video signal to the VCR input, most VCRs will record black video and generate a control track while the sound is being recorded.

Some early VCRs record audio without a control track signal; this is of little use, because the absence of a signal from the control track means that the linear tape speed is irregular during playback.

More sophisticated VCRs offer stereo audio recording and playback. Linear stereo fits two independent channels in the same space as the original mono audiotrack.

While this approach preserves acceptable backward compatibility with monoaural audio heads, the splitting of the audio track degraded the signal's SNR, causing objectionable tape hiss at normal listening volume.

This dynamically boosts the mid-frequency band of the audio program on the recorded medium, improving its signal strength relative to the tape's background noise floor, then attenuates the mid-band during playback.

Dolby B is not a transparent process, and Dolby-encoded program material exhibits an unnatural mid-range emphasis when played on VCRs that are not made to work with this form of noise reduction.

Another option is to use noise reduction similar to that of DBX—that is, by recording with high volume but with a compressed dynamic range.

On playback the decompression will yield original audio; because weaker signals are attenuated, the hiss can also be significantly attenuated.

Has this been done, or is somebody just brainstorming at Wikipedia? High-end consumer recorders take advantage of the linear nature of the audio track, as the audio track could be erased and recorded without disturbing the video portion of the recorded signal.

Hence, "audio dubbing" and "video dubbing", where either the audio or video are re-recorded on tape without disturbing the other , were supported features on prosumer linear video editing -decks.

Without dubbing capability, an audio or video edit could not be done in-place on master cassette, and requires the editing output be captured to another tape, incurring generational loss.

Studio film releases began to emerge with linear stereo audiotracks in From that point onward nearly every home video release by Hollywood featured a Dolby-encoded linear stereo audiotrack.

However, linear stereo was never popular with equipment makers or consumers. Another linear control track , at the tape's lower edge, holds pulses that mark the beginning of every frame of video; these are used to fine-tune the tape speed during playback, so that the high speed rotating heads remained exactly on their helical tracks rather than somewhere between two adjacent tracks known as " tracking ".

The control track is also used to hold index marks , which were normally written at the beginning of each recording session, and can be found using the VCR's index search function: this will fast-wind forward or backward to the n th specified index mark, and resume playback from there.

At times, higher-end VCRs provided functions for the user to manually add and remove these marks [46] [47] — so that, for example, they coincide with the actual start of the television program — but this feature later became hard to find.

By the late s, some high-end VCRs offered more sophisticated indexing. For example, Panasonic's Tape Library system assigned an ID number to each cassette, and logged recording information channel, date, time and optional program title entered by the user both on the cassette and in the VCR's memory for up to recordings with titles.

VHS Hi-Fi audio is achieved by using audio frequency modulation AFM , modulating the two stereo channels L, R on two different frequency-modulated carriers and embedding the combined modulated audio signal pair into the video signal.

To avoid crosstalk and interference from the primary video carrier, VHS's implementation of AFM relied on a form of magnetic recording called depth multiplexing.

The modulated audio carrier pair was placed in the hitherto-unused frequency range between the luminance and the color carrier below 1. Subsequently, the video head erases and re-records the video signal combined luminance and color signal over the same tape surface, but the video signal's higher center frequency results in a shallower magnetization of the tape, allowing both the video and residual AFM audio signal to coexist on tape.

During playback, VHS Hi-Fi recovers the depth-recorded AFM signal by subtracting the audio head's signal which contains the AFM signal contaminated by a weak image of the video signal from the video head's signal which contains only the video signal , then demodulates the left and right audio channels from their respective frequency carriers.

The end result of the complex process was audio of high fidelity, which was uniformly solid across all tape-speeds EP, LP or SP. Since JVC had gone through the complexity of ensuring Hi-Fi's backward compatibility with non-Hi-Fi VCRs, virtually all studio home video releases produced after this time contained Hi-Fi audio tracks, in addition to the linear audio track.

The sound quality of Hi-Fi VHS stereo is comparable to some extent to the quality of CD audio, particularly when recordings were made on high-end or professional VHS machines that have a manual audio recording level control.

This high quality compared to other consumer audio recording formats such as compact cassette attracted the attention of amateur and hobbyist recording artists.

Home recording enthusiasts occasionally recorded high quality stereo mixdowns and master recordings from multitrack audio tape onto consumer-level Hi-Fi VCRs.

However, because the VHS Hi-Fi recording process is intertwined with the VCR's video-recording function, advanced editing functions such as audio-only or video-only dubbing are impossible.

A short-lived alternative to the hifi feature for recording mixdowns of hobbyist audio-only projects was a PCM adaptor so that high-bandwidth digital video could use a grid of black-and-white dots on an analog video carrier to give pro-grade digital sounds though DAT tapes made this obsolete.

Some VHS decks also had a "simulcast" switch, allowing users to record an external audio input along with off-air pictures. Some televised concerts offered a stereo simulcast soundtrack on FM radio and as such, events like Live Aid were recorded by thousands of people with a full stereo soundtrack despite the fact that stereo TV broadcasts were some years off especially in regions that adopted NICAM.

Other examples of this included network television shows such as Friday Night Videos and MTV for its first few years in existence. Likewise, some countries, most notably South Africa , provided alternate language audio tracks for TV programming through an FM radio simulcast.

The considerable complexity and additional hardware limited VHS Hi-Fi to high-end decks for many years. Even then, most customers were unaware of its significance and merely enjoyed the better audio performance of the newer decks.

Due to the path followed by the video and Hi-Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous—unlike that of the linear audio track—head-switching is required to provide a continuous audio signal.

While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections.

Hi-Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines.

Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of the signal, resulting in low-pitched buzzing. Another issue that made VHS Hi-Fi imperfect for music is the inaccurate reproduction of levels softer and louder which are not re-created as the original source.

The audio system both linear and AFM is the same. S-VHS made little impact on the home market, but gained dominance in the camcorder market due to its superior picture quality.

Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full-size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion.

The magnetic tape on VHS-C cassettes is wound on one main spool and uses a gear wheel to advance the tape.

The adapter is mechanical, although early examples were motorized, with a battery. It has an internal hub to engage with the VCR mechanism in the location of a normal full-size tape hub, driving the gearing on the VHS-C cassette.

Also, when a VHS-C cassette is inserted into the adapter, a small swing-arm pulls the tape out of the miniature cassette to span the standard tape path distance between the guide rollers of a full-size tape.

This format is the least expensive format to support a Sel-Sync pre-read for video editing. It has now been superseded by high definition formats.

These devices served the sole purpose of rewinding VHS tapes. Proponents of the rewinders argued that the use of the rewind function on the standard VHS player would lead to wear and tear of the transport mechanism.

The rewinder would rewind the tapes smoothly and also normally do so at a faster rate than the standard rewind function on VHS players.

However some rewinder brands did have some frequent abrupt stops, which occasionally led to tape damage. Some devices were marketed which allowed a personal computer to use a VHS recorder as a data backup device.

VHS can record and play back all varieties of analog television signals in existence at the time VHS was devised. However, a machine must be designed to record a given standard.

Typically, a VHS machine can only handle signals using the same standard as the country it was sold in. Since the s, dual and multi-standard VHS machines, able to handle a variety of VHS-supported video standards, became more common.

A small number of VHS decks are able to decode closed captions on video cassettes before sending the full signal to the set with the captions.

A smaller number still are able, additionally, to record subtitles transmitted with world standard teletext signals on pre-digital services , simultaneously with the associated program.

VHS instruction tapes were sometimes included with various products and services, including exercise equipment, kitchen appliances, and computer software.

VHS was the winner of a protracted and somewhat bitter format war during the late s and early s against Sony's Betamax format as well as other formats of the time.

However, the sticking point for both consumers and potential licensing partners of Betamax was the total recording time.

Very high-end Betamax machines still supported recording in the Beta I mode and some in an even higher resolution Beta Is Beta I Super HiBand mode, but at a maximum single-cassette run time of [with an L cassette].