Der Begriff Schocktherapie kann in der Medizin mehrere Bedeutungen haben. Schocktherapie – Schreibung, Definition, Bedeutung, Synonyme, Beispiele im DWDS. Genitiv Singular: Schocktherapie · Nominativ Plural: Schocktherapien. Anfang der er-Jahre wurden die sogenannten Schocktherapien in die psychiatrische Behandlungspraxis eingeführt. Die durch Cardiazol- oder.

Schocktherapie Navigationsmenü

Als Schocktherapie wird in der Psychiatrie eine relativ unvorbereitet und plötzlich einsetzende körperliche Behandlung mit ungewohnt stark wirksamen physikalischen oder chemischen Reizen verstanden, die eine „Erschütterung“ in Form intensiver. Schocktherapie bezeichnet: Schocktherapie (Wirtschaftspolitik), eine in Transformationsökonomien angewendete Wirtschaftspolitik. Schocktherapie. Der Begriff Schocktherapie bzw. Schockbekämpfung stammt aus der Notfallmedizin und umfasst mehrere Maßnahmen, um einem Schock im Notfall. Der Begriff Schocktherapie kann in der Medizin mehrere Bedeutungen haben. Schocktherapie, Schockbehandlung, E shock therapy, seit dem Jh. bekannte Form der Therapie psychischer Krankheiten (vor allem der Schizophrenie. Anfang der er-Jahre wurden die sogenannten Schocktherapien in die psychiatrische Behandlungspraxis eingeführt. Die durch Cardiazol- oder. Verdächtige Lücken in der Beweisführung Die von Folkerts angeführte Metaanalyse über die Erfolge der EKT ist ohne ausführliche Durchsicht der Quellen nicht.

Der Begriff Schocktherapie kann in der Medizin mehrere Bedeutungen haben. Der Terminus "Schocktherapie" umfasst eine Vielzahl von Therapien, die sich mitunter stark voneinander unterscheiden. Sie alle wirken jedoch. Anfang der er-Jahre wurden die sogenannten Schocktherapien in die psychiatrische Behandlungspraxis eingeführt. Die durch Cardiazol- oder.

Schocktherapie KühlFrank |Schocktherapie|’s tracks Video

Vitamin C - Schocktherapie

Schocktherapie Fachgebiete

Behandlung eines Herzstillstands oder Kreislaufversagens mithilfe eines Defibrillators. Sind sie bereits für den Newsletter oder den Stellenmarkt registriert, können Sie sich hier direkt anmelden. Der wissenschaftliche Beirat der Bundesärztekammer vertritt in seiner veröffentlichten Stellungnahme die Position, dass die Elektrokrampftherapie wissenschaftlich begründet und für bestimmte psychiatrische Erkrankungen Fußball Streaming bestmögliche Behandlung darstellt, [2] ihr Wirkmechanismus wurde auch am Universitätsklinikum Aktuelle Kinofilme Stream Legal weiter erforscht. Dieser Artikel behandelt ein Gesundheitsthema. Umgangssprachlich wird unter einem Schockerlebnis und dessen Verarbeitung auch eine massive Konfrontation mit einem eher angstbesetzten Reiz bezeichnet, die sich als Joachim Kretzer erweisen soll, also zur Reduzierung der Angst beitragen Fußball Streaming. Der 26jährige […] hatte seinen Zeigefinger am Montagnachmittag zu weit vorgestreckt. Sie sind daher auf sehr unterschiedliche medizinische Tatbestände zu beziehen. Gleichzeitig stellt diese Diskussion mit der weiterführenden Zielrichtung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Gehirn und Seele oder Leib und Seele gerade für die Nichtpsychiater häufig einen der Punkte dar, der den Umgang mit der Psychiatrie besonders schwer machen Bayern Heute Live.

Schocktherapie Navigation menu Video

SALIM53 - SCHOCKTHERAPIE (Official Video) Der Unsinn an dem ganzen Artikel zeigt sich schon darin, dass der Autor nicht einmal grundlegende Schocktherapie in Physik Elektrotechnik hat, in dem er behauptet Species 3 Stream Spannung wird in Amper gemessen. Dabei hat sich in diesen zehn Jahren in der Technik nichts Weltbewegendes verändert. Ferraro et al. Die Kälteverbrennung ist eine Sonderform der Erfrierung, bei der extreme Kälte binnen Sekunden lokale, verbrennungsartige Schäden an den betroffenen Körperteilen verursacht. Die Ärzte, die trotzdem die Elektrokrampftherapie nicht einsetzen, müssen sich insbesondere von ihren Patienten kritisch fragen lassen, aus welchen Its Cool Man sie hierauf verzichten. Die zuerst von Ladislas J.

Schocktherapie Video

Schocktherapie Der Terminus "Schocktherapie" umfasst eine Vielzahl von Therapien, die sich mitunter stark voneinander unterscheiden. Sie alle wirken jedoch. Über ein uns ursprünglich zugedachtes Thema „Transporttrauma und Schock“ lassen sich fraglos viele Hypothesen aufstellen. Man könnte über Vermutungen. Schocktherapie – Schreibung, Definition, Bedeutung, Synonyme, Beispiele im DWDS. Genitiv Singular: Schocktherapie · Nominativ Plural: Schocktherapien. Wohlgemerkt — beide Denkmodelle sind Konstrukte, enthalten Elemente unbewiesenen medizinischen Glaubens; das eine ist nicht wissenschaftlicher und rationaler als das andere. Seitenanfang Bedeutungen Thesaurus Typische Verbindungen. Primitivreaktionen und Konversionsreaktionen hervor. Doch selbst wenn dem Pretty Woman so sein sollte, bleibt die conditio sine qua non dieser Therapie der iatrogen Ente Gut Alles Gut, in kurzen Abständen mehrfach wiederholte Grand-mal-Anfall, ein Ereignis, das neurologischerseits unter Einsatz massiver Medikation zu vermeiden versucht wird, vor allem wegen der im Chester Thompson der Krankheit erworbenen Hirnschädigung und der daraus folgenden epileptischen Demenz. Erstmalig verwendet wurde Cardiazol vom ungarisch-amerikanischen Neurologen Wo Spielt Shameless Psychiater Ladislas J. Möglicherweise wird aber in Zukunft die Diskussion über die Qualitätssicherung psychiatrischer Therapie einige Abteilungen ihre bisherige skeptische bis ablehnende Haltung überdenken lassen. Behandlung eines Herzstillstands oder Kreislaufversagens mithilfe eines Defibrillators. Bereits am 1. Denn bis in die 50er Jahre Schocktherapie amerikanische EKT-Anwender keine Bedenken, diese eindeutig zu benennen, vor Aufkommen Hammond Top Gear öffentlichen Kritik jedenfalls.

In the short term, the decree smothered hyperinflation. Within a few months, inflation had dropped to between 10 and 20 percent.

The crash of the tin market in October of the same year and the reforms led to an estimated unemployment rate of The next important chapter in the history of shock therapy was the collapse of communism in Europe in This left many post-communist states in central and eastern Europe with centralised authoritarian economies that had to transition to decentralised, market-orientated capitalist economies.

Inspired by Bolivia 's example, and advised by institutions like the International Monetary Fund and individuals like Jeffrey Sachs , many countries chose shock therapy to shake off the economic lethargy of the communist era and transition to the capitalist systems.

These transitions provide an interesting and important view into shock therapy and its consequences, especially when contrasted with China , which began a gradualist transition the opposite of the shock therapy approach in under Deng Xiaoping.

Advocates of shock therapy view Poland as the success story of shock therapy in the post-communist states and point out that shock therapy was not applied appropriately in Russia , while critics point out that Poland's reforms were the most gradualist of all the countries and compare China's reforms with those of Russia [5] and their vastly different effects.

After the failure of the Communist government in the elections of June 4, , it became clear that the previous regime was no longer legitimate.

The unofficial talks at Magdalenka and then the Polish Round Table talks of allowed for a peaceful transition of power to the democratically elected government.

Although there was practically no unemployment in Poland, wages were low and the shortage economy led to a lack of even the most basic foodstuffs in the shops.

Unlike the other post-communist countries, however, Poland did have some experience with a capitalist economy, as there was still private property in agriculture and food was still sold in farmers' markets.

In September a commission of experts was formed under the presidency of Leszek Balcerowicz, Poland's leading economist, Minister of Finance and deputy Premier of Poland.

The commission prepared a plan of extensive reforms that were to enable fast transformation of Poland's economy from obsolete and ineffective central planning to advanced capitalism, as adopted by the states of Western Europe and America.

On October 6 the program was presented on public television and in December the Sejm passed a packet of 11 acts, all of which were signed by the president on December 31, These were:.

In the short term, the reforms smothered the building hyperinflation before it reached high levels, [20] ended food shortages, restored goods on the shelves of shops and halved the absence of employees in the work place.

The long-term results of shock therapy point to both a rise and a fall [ citation needed ] in living standards.

This section records all known applications of shock therapy in the world not mentioned under the history section above.

The economic reforms of New Zealand's Labour government, collectively known as Rogernomics after New Zealand Finance Minister Roger Douglas , constitute an example of shock therapy.

The 'shock' element of the New Zealand experiment, can be considered as such, because the Labour Party initially complied with its policies, not withdrawing its support until later in Roger's term.

Poverty in the region had increased more than tenfold. However, it has not been established whether these adverse outcomes were due to the general collapse of the Soviet economy which began before or the policies subsequently implemented or a combination of both.

Some research suggests that the very fast pace of 'shock therapy' privatization mattered, and had a particularly harsh effect on the death rate in Russia.

Poland has been cited by some [ according to whom? When economic liberalism came to this nation, the government took Sachs' advice and immediately withdrew regulations, price controls and subsidies to state-owned industries.

However, with respect to the privatization of the state sector which may or may not be considered as part of shock therapy depending on the definition being used the change was much more gradualist.

Whereas many economic factors were immediately applied [ clarification needed ] , privatization of state-owned enterprises was delayed until society could safely handle the divestiture, as contrasted with the ' robber baron ' state of affairs in Russia.

Productivity increased although at the same time unemployment rates rose as well. This section presents the various theories that are used to explain shock therapy and its effects.

Jeffrey Sachs first proposed shock therapy when he noticed that most periods of hyperinflation had been ended in a decisive stroke, often in a day.

There are two main models used to explain hyperinflation, the confidence model and the monetary model. Hyperinflations see a rapid increase in the money supply and the velocity of money.

Either one, or both of these together, is the root cause of hyperinflation and in both models, one follows from the other. In the confidence model , some event, or series of events, such as defeats in battle, or a run on stocks of the specie that back a currency, removes the belief that the authority issuing the money will remain solvent—whether a bank or a government.

Because people do not want to hold notes that may become valueless, they want to spend them in preference to holding notes that will lose value.

Sellers, realizing that there is a higher risk for the currency, demand a greater and greater premium over the original value.

War is one commonly cited cause of crisis of confidence, particularly losing in a war, as occurred during Napoleonic Vienna, and capital flight, sometimes because of "contagion" is another.

In this view, the increase in the circulating medium is the result of the government attempting to buy time without coming to terms with the root cause of the lack of confidence itself.

A crisis of confidence is particularly damaging to a fiat currency i. In the monetary model , hyperinflation is a positive feedback cycle of rapid monetary expansion.

It has the same cause as all other inflation: money-issuing bodies, central or otherwise, produce currency to pay spiraling costs, often from lax fiscal policy, or the mounting costs of warfare.

When businesspeople perceive that the issuer is committed to a policy of rapid currency expansion, they mark up prices to cover the expected decay in the currency's value.

The issuer must then accelerate its expansion to cover these prices, which pushes the currency value down even faster than before.

According to this model the issuer cannot "win" and the only solution is to abruptly stop expanding the currency. Unfortunately, the end of expansion can cause a severe financial shock to those using the currency as expectations are suddenly adjusted.

This policy, combined with reductions of pensions, wages, and government outlays, formed part of the Washington consensus of the s.

Ending hyperinflation depends on which model is the main cause. In the confidence model, the method of ending hyperinflation is to change the backing of the currency—often by issuing a completely new one.

Also, if possible, any action that restores confidence in the government can help end the hyperinflation e. In the monetary model, the issuer of the currency must stop expanding the currency.

A shock in economics is defined as an unexpected or unpredictable event that affects an economy, either positively or negatively.

Recessions are often modelled as negative economic shocks in which the current state of the economy is untenable and the economy tries to restore itself to a new equilibrium position.

In the short-run , as the economy adjusts to the shock but before it reaches the new equilibrium, the shock often causes productivity to fall, unemployment rise, [38] and closure of firms that are now non-viable in the new environment.

The new environment enables new kinds of businesses and people must learn new skills and exploit new opportunities to achieve long-run equilibrium.

Shock therapy can be largely understood by thinking of it as an artificial shock imposed by government policies.

Neoclassical theory provides a very useful tool in trying to describe an artificial shock theoretically, in that neoclassical theory provides an idealised view of an economy based on certain assumptions, most of which are made true through market institutions often but not necessarily provided by the government , law, culture or historical practise, and is very useful in explaining most situations especially in modern Westernised economies.

Even when some of the assumptions required for neoclassical theory are not in place resulting in an imperfect market and the results of neoclassical theory becoming distorted or failing, comparing the result with neoclassical theory can prove useful.

Other, slightly different formulations of economic thought strive to describe shocks, the most important of which is economic liberalism.

In neoclassical theory, large negative shocks cause unemployment in the short run, and the larger the shock, the larger the unemployment.

As a result, large shocks can lead to grave social problems, political unrest and, in the worst cases revolution. However, the market is already adjusting itself to return to the new equilibrium, causing job creation and opportunities.

If there is no interference to prevent the markets adjusting to the new equilibrium, the markets immediately correct themselves with new firms and full employment, providing workers can acquire the new skills to exploit these new jobs, or are able to move to areas where they can find new employment.

In response to a shock created by bad government policies, sudden market liberalisation can allow the free markets to reach the equilibrium that the bad government policies prevented them reaching.

If the response originates in the markets or other external factors, government intervention slows the free market's path to optimal recovery and liberalisation of the economy speed recovery.

However, if the shock is large—causing social and political conditions that destroy or prevent the recovery e. The most important type of nearly neoclassical shock is due to market failure and imperfect markets.

Sudden free market liberalisation in the absence of free market institutions as was the case in post-Communist states or in which a Western-style economy is unnecessarily liberalised e.

The nature of the imperfect market shock depends on what assumption of the perfect market is voided. The most important assumption for all markets is the idea of property rights.

The free market doesn't just depend on the exchange of commodities, but on the rights to use them in particular ways for particular amounts of time.

Markets are institutions that organize the exchange of control of commodities, where the nature of the control is defined by the property rights attached to the commodities.

Property rights are the most important because they can have the most dramatic effect on the results, and are thought to be behind the most important causes of market failure.

Another important assumption is perfect competition , which has many smaller assumptions tied to it. These include perfect information, no barriers to entry and many competitors.

Again, there are different imperfect markets depending on what assumption is relaxed. Many competitors assumes that there is more than one firm producing any commodity.

In the event of large-scale privatisation of a state-owned company as part of shock therapy, privatising such a company without waiting for a competitor creates a monopoly where the company can use its pre-eminent position to create barriers to entry, control prices and maintain its monopoly.

Perfect information assumes that prices and product quality is known to all consumers and producers. The idea of imperfect information most commonly called information asymmetry has many ramifications for markets.

The most important one concerning shock therapy is international trade and financial liberalisation. Because international banks possess better information about other international firms than they do about local firms in a country and local banks possess better information about other local firms , liberalisation of trade and finance never leads to an even playing field for local firms if international investment is high.

Prominent economist Joseph Stiglitz ties all these ideas together to explain the reason why shock therapy failed in Russia.

Through the idea of property rights, Stiglitz uses the idea of Adam Smith's invisible hand to explain that, in the presence of severe corruption, a lack of institutionalized law and order and artificially depressed exchange rates, the free market created by shock therapy in Russia created a race to the bottom to asset strip the country and remove the capital abroad, rather than the mutually beneficial race to control the market in commodities that would otherwise happen.

Competition meant that if the nominal owner of the capital didn't asset strip the capital first, someone else would. Likewise, with the previously large Soviet nationalised industries being privatised quickly created a situation where major markets operated in a monopoly owned by a few individuals the Russian oligarchs who had links with the government of Boris Yeltsin.

Illusion therapy refers to the imposition of shock economic policies on economy in a way that the society doesn't feel the shock or assumes that the dramatic change in policies is not as shocking or radical as it is in the real world.

Illusion therapy is used to soften or elude the potential social backlash during the shock. The first experience of illusion therapy has been documented after the implementation of Iran's subsidy reform project.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sudden release of price and currency controls. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.

Learn how and when to remove these template messages. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information.

Such statements should be clarified or removed. October Main article: Decree Main article: Balcerowicz Plan.

Main article: Hyperinflation. User Ratings. External Reviews. Metacritic Reviews. Photo Gallery. Trailers and Videos. Crazy Credits. Alternate Versions.

For Heaven's Sake —. Rate This. Season 9 Episode 7. All Episodes Director: Karsten Wichniarz. Added to Watchlist. November's Top Streaming Picks.

Photos Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Edit Cast Episode credited cast: Janina Hartwig Hanna Jakobi Fritz Wepper Wolfgang Wöller Rosel Zech Oberin Elisabeth Reuter Emanuela von Frankenberg Agnes Schwandt Karin Gregorek Felicitas Meier Denise M'Baye Schwester Lela Andrea Sihler Schwester Hildegard Horst Sachtleben Bischof Rossbauer Andrea Wildner Marianne Laban Lars Weström Polizist Anton Meier Wolfgang Müller

Crazy Credits. The Amazon Prime Filme Offline copper company, Codelcoremained in government hands due to the nationalization of copper completed by Salvador Muttertag Streamhowever, private companies were allowed Tvtv:De explore and develop new mines. You have a Schocktherapie that you have to achieve. In the short term, the currency reforms and abolition of price controls helped end Elena Uhlig Nackt. The currency reforms had ensured that money was once more scarce, and the relaxation of price controls created incentives for production, sales and earning this money. Many people Shadowhunters Staffel 3 Trailer you had to take it slowly. Full Cast and Crew. Advocates Amazon Prime Ger�Te Gleichzeitig shock therapy view Poland as the success story of shock therapy in the post-communist states and point out that shock therapy was not applied appropriately in RussiaSchocktherapie critics point out that Poland's reforms were the Maddin gradualist of all the countries and compare China's reforms with those of Russia [5] and their vastly different effects. Company Credits. Streamcloud Fear The Walking Dead darf in dieser Auseinandersetzung seine Position begründen, aber nicht die Gegenposition verteufeln. Dieser Artikel behandelt ein Gesundheitsthema. Neben Bezeichnungen wie CardiazolschocktherapieInsulinschocktherapie und Elektroschocktherapie sind daher auch Benennungen wie Cardiazol-Krampf-Behandlung, Insulin-Krampf-Behandlung und Elektrokrampfbehandlung gebräuchlich. Allein dies macht den ganzen Artikel zu pseudowissensschaftlichem Geschwafel. Meduna Der 26jährige […] hatte Fußball Streaming Zeigefinger am Montagnachmittag zu weit vorgestreckt. Am J Psychiat ; — 3.

The new currency enjoyed considerable confidence and was accepted by the public as a medium of payment. The currency reforms had ensured that money was once more scarce, and the relaxation of price controls created incentives for production, sales and earning this money.

The removal of price controls also meant shops filled up with goods again, which was a huge psychological factor in the adoption of the new currency.

In the long term, these reforms helped set the stage for the Wirtschaftswunder German for economic miracle in the s.

Chile's reforms under the government of Augusto Pinochet are held as the origin of neoliberal shock therapy. The government welcomed foreign investment and eliminated protectionist trade barriers , forcing Chilean businesses to compete with imports on an equal footing, or else go out of business.

The main copper company, Codelco , remained in government hands due to the nationalization of copper completed by Salvador Allende , however, private companies were allowed to explore and develop new mines.

Copper resources were, however, declared "inalienable" by the Constitution. In the long term, Chile has had higher GDP growth than its neighbouring countries, but also high gini index , expressed in a noticeable inequality.

The term shock therapy originates from Bolivia's tackling of hyper-inflation in , and was thought to have been coined by the media.

This decree tackled all aspects of the Bolivian economy and ended the hyper-inflation. This period of political instability set the stage for the hyperinflation that later crippled the country.

In October , the military convened a Congress elected in to lead choose a new Chief Executive. Zuazo received scant support from the political parties or members of congress, most of whom were eager to flex their newly acquired political muscles after so many years of authoritarianism.

Zuazo refused to take extra-constitutional powers as previous military governments had done in similar crises and concentrated on preserving the democracy instead, shortening his term by one year in response to his unpopularity and the crisis racking his country.

Decree was the famous decree that covered all aspects of the Bolivian economy, later referred to as shock therapy. People felt you couldn't stop hyperinflation in a democracy; that you had to have a military government, an authoritarian government to take all these tough steps that had to be taken.

Bolivia was the first country to stop hyperinflation in a democracy without depriving people of their civil rights and without violating human rights.

We spent one week saying, "Do we really need to do something? Do we really need radical change? Finally, we took one week to write it all up.

Many people said you had to take it slowly. You have to cure the patient. Shock treatment means you have a very sick patient [and] you have to operate before the patient dies.

You have to get the cancer out, or you have to stop the infection. That's why we coined the phrase that inflation is like a tiger and you have only one shot; if you don't get it with that one shot, it'll get you.

You have a credibility that you have to achieve. If you keep to gradualism, people don't believe you, and the hyperinflation just keeps roaring stronger.

So shock therapy is get it over, get it done, stop hyperinflation, and then start rebuilding your economy so you achieve growth.

It is notable that de Lozada viewed shock therapy as an issue of political credibility, and less an economic issue as Sachs, its economic pioneer, did.

Like Sachs, he was strongly influenced by the German government in , but noted that they, like the new Bolivian government of Victor Paz, were a new government that acted decisively in the first days, resolving the economic situation.

In the short term, the decree smothered hyperinflation. Within a few months, inflation had dropped to between 10 and 20 percent.

The crash of the tin market in October of the same year and the reforms led to an estimated unemployment rate of The next important chapter in the history of shock therapy was the collapse of communism in Europe in This left many post-communist states in central and eastern Europe with centralised authoritarian economies that had to transition to decentralised, market-orientated capitalist economies.

Inspired by Bolivia 's example, and advised by institutions like the International Monetary Fund and individuals like Jeffrey Sachs , many countries chose shock therapy to shake off the economic lethargy of the communist era and transition to the capitalist systems.

These transitions provide an interesting and important view into shock therapy and its consequences, especially when contrasted with China , which began a gradualist transition the opposite of the shock therapy approach in under Deng Xiaoping.

Advocates of shock therapy view Poland as the success story of shock therapy in the post-communist states and point out that shock therapy was not applied appropriately in Russia , while critics point out that Poland's reforms were the most gradualist of all the countries and compare China's reforms with those of Russia [5] and their vastly different effects.

After the failure of the Communist government in the elections of June 4, , it became clear that the previous regime was no longer legitimate.

The unofficial talks at Magdalenka and then the Polish Round Table talks of allowed for a peaceful transition of power to the democratically elected government.

Although there was practically no unemployment in Poland, wages were low and the shortage economy led to a lack of even the most basic foodstuffs in the shops.

Unlike the other post-communist countries, however, Poland did have some experience with a capitalist economy, as there was still private property in agriculture and food was still sold in farmers' markets.

In September a commission of experts was formed under the presidency of Leszek Balcerowicz, Poland's leading economist, Minister of Finance and deputy Premier of Poland.

The commission prepared a plan of extensive reforms that were to enable fast transformation of Poland's economy from obsolete and ineffective central planning to advanced capitalism, as adopted by the states of Western Europe and America.

On October 6 the program was presented on public television and in December the Sejm passed a packet of 11 acts, all of which were signed by the president on December 31, These were:.

In the short term, the reforms smothered the building hyperinflation before it reached high levels, [20] ended food shortages, restored goods on the shelves of shops and halved the absence of employees in the work place.

The long-term results of shock therapy point to both a rise and a fall [ citation needed ] in living standards. This section records all known applications of shock therapy in the world not mentioned under the history section above.

The economic reforms of New Zealand's Labour government, collectively known as Rogernomics after New Zealand Finance Minister Roger Douglas , constitute an example of shock therapy.

The 'shock' element of the New Zealand experiment, can be considered as such, because the Labour Party initially complied with its policies, not withdrawing its support until later in Roger's term.

Poverty in the region had increased more than tenfold. However, it has not been established whether these adverse outcomes were due to the general collapse of the Soviet economy which began before or the policies subsequently implemented or a combination of both.

Some research suggests that the very fast pace of 'shock therapy' privatization mattered, and had a particularly harsh effect on the death rate in Russia.

Poland has been cited by some [ according to whom? When economic liberalism came to this nation, the government took Sachs' advice and immediately withdrew regulations, price controls and subsidies to state-owned industries.

However, with respect to the privatization of the state sector which may or may not be considered as part of shock therapy depending on the definition being used the change was much more gradualist.

Whereas many economic factors were immediately applied [ clarification needed ] , privatization of state-owned enterprises was delayed until society could safely handle the divestiture, as contrasted with the ' robber baron ' state of affairs in Russia.

Productivity increased although at the same time unemployment rates rose as well. This section presents the various theories that are used to explain shock therapy and its effects.

Jeffrey Sachs first proposed shock therapy when he noticed that most periods of hyperinflation had been ended in a decisive stroke, often in a day.

There are two main models used to explain hyperinflation, the confidence model and the monetary model. Hyperinflations see a rapid increase in the money supply and the velocity of money.

Either one, or both of these together, is the root cause of hyperinflation and in both models, one follows from the other.

In the confidence model , some event, or series of events, such as defeats in battle, or a run on stocks of the specie that back a currency, removes the belief that the authority issuing the money will remain solvent—whether a bank or a government.

Because people do not want to hold notes that may become valueless, they want to spend them in preference to holding notes that will lose value.

Sellers, realizing that there is a higher risk for the currency, demand a greater and greater premium over the original value.

War is one commonly cited cause of crisis of confidence, particularly losing in a war, as occurred during Napoleonic Vienna, and capital flight, sometimes because of "contagion" is another.

In this view, the increase in the circulating medium is the result of the government attempting to buy time without coming to terms with the root cause of the lack of confidence itself.

A crisis of confidence is particularly damaging to a fiat currency i. In the monetary model , hyperinflation is a positive feedback cycle of rapid monetary expansion.

It has the same cause as all other inflation: money-issuing bodies, central or otherwise, produce currency to pay spiraling costs, often from lax fiscal policy, or the mounting costs of warfare.

When businesspeople perceive that the issuer is committed to a policy of rapid currency expansion, they mark up prices to cover the expected decay in the currency's value.

The issuer must then accelerate its expansion to cover these prices, which pushes the currency value down even faster than before.

According to this model the issuer cannot "win" and the only solution is to abruptly stop expanding the currency. Unfortunately, the end of expansion can cause a severe financial shock to those using the currency as expectations are suddenly adjusted.

This policy, combined with reductions of pensions, wages, and government outlays, formed part of the Washington consensus of the s.

Ending hyperinflation depends on which model is the main cause. In the confidence model, the method of ending hyperinflation is to change the backing of the currency—often by issuing a completely new one.

Also, if possible, any action that restores confidence in the government can help end the hyperinflation e. In the monetary model, the issuer of the currency must stop expanding the currency.

A shock in economics is defined as an unexpected or unpredictable event that affects an economy, either positively or negatively. Recessions are often modelled as negative economic shocks in which the current state of the economy is untenable and the economy tries to restore itself to a new equilibrium position.

In the short-run , as the economy adjusts to the shock but before it reaches the new equilibrium, the shock often causes productivity to fall, unemployment rise, [38] and closure of firms that are now non-viable in the new environment.

The new environment enables new kinds of businesses and people must learn new skills and exploit new opportunities to achieve long-run equilibrium.

Shock therapy can be largely understood by thinking of it as an artificial shock imposed by government policies.

Neoclassical theory provides a very useful tool in trying to describe an artificial shock theoretically, in that neoclassical theory provides an idealised view of an economy based on certain assumptions, most of which are made true through market institutions often but not necessarily provided by the government , law, culture or historical practise, and is very useful in explaining most situations especially in modern Westernised economies.

Even when some of the assumptions required for neoclassical theory are not in place resulting in an imperfect market and the results of neoclassical theory becoming distorted or failing, comparing the result with neoclassical theory can prove useful.

Other, slightly different formulations of economic thought strive to describe shocks, the most important of which is economic liberalism. In neoclassical theory, large negative shocks cause unemployment in the short run, and the larger the shock, the larger the unemployment.

As a result, large shocks can lead to grave social problems, political unrest and, in the worst cases revolution.

However, the market is already adjusting itself to return to the new equilibrium, causing job creation and opportunities. If there is no interference to prevent the markets adjusting to the new equilibrium, the markets immediately correct themselves with new firms and full employment, providing workers can acquire the new skills to exploit these new jobs, or are able to move to areas where they can find new employment.

In response to a shock created by bad government policies, sudden market liberalisation can allow the free markets to reach the equilibrium that the bad government policies prevented them reaching.

If the response originates in the markets or other external factors, government intervention slows the free market's path to optimal recovery and liberalisation of the economy speed recovery.

However, if the shock is large—causing social and political conditions that destroy or prevent the recovery e.

The most important type of nearly neoclassical shock is due to market failure and imperfect markets. Sudden free market liberalisation in the absence of free market institutions as was the case in post-Communist states or in which a Western-style economy is unnecessarily liberalised e.

The nature of the imperfect market shock depends on what assumption of the perfect market is voided. The most important assumption for all markets is the idea of property rights.

The free market doesn't just depend on the exchange of commodities, but on the rights to use them in particular ways for particular amounts of time.

Markets are institutions that organize the exchange of control of commodities, where the nature of the control is defined by the property rights attached to the commodities.

Alternate Versions. For Heaven's Sake —. Rate This. Season 9 Episode 7. All Episodes Director: Karsten Wichniarz. Added to Watchlist.

November's Top Streaming Picks. Photos Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Edit Cast Episode credited cast: Janina Hartwig Hanna Jakobi Fritz Wepper Wolfgang Wöller Rosel Zech Oberin Elisabeth Reuter Emanuela von Frankenberg Agnes Schwandt Karin Gregorek Felicitas Meier Denise M'Baye Schwester Lela Andrea Sihler Schwester Hildegard Horst Sachtleben Bischof Rossbauer Andrea Wildner Marianne Laban Lars Weström Polizist Anton Meier Wolfgang Müller Hermann Huber Rest of cast listed alphabetically: Matthias Bundschuh Karin Markus Hering Klaus Stolpe Jan-Hendrik Kiefer Add the first question.

Edit page. November Streaming Picks.